Wendy Apple Movie Editing Essay
Editing demonstrated by the juxtaposition of famed directors and their correspondent editors in Cutting Edge: The Magic of Movie Making (Wendy Apple 2004) creates a narrative that exemplifies the meta–cinematic technique of the importance of editing in film through the films own construction. Daniel Loewental and Tim Tobin had the esteemed pleasure of working along with director Wendy Apple, to give recognition to the tailors and seamstresses behind the stitching of motion pictures into sweeping stories. Memorably, the opening sequence stitches scenes from award–winning, blockbuster hits such as Harry Potter, Star Wars and Terminator. While a talking head interview mimics jarring cuts from the movie Easy Rider while the effect The invisible
Eukaryotic Genome Editing
INTRODUCTION
With the development of biological technologies, a new era of making and manipulating DNA sequences has come. Molecular biologists have gained the ability to delete, insert, isolate DNA sequences and gene fragments, as well as to make targeted modifications to the genome in vitro, in cells, and in model organisms. These technologies have made it possible to study genes and DNA fragments by dissecting the functions of complex genes and specific regulatory elements. For biological research, powerful genome editing tools will contribute to the understanding of genes, proteins, and biological systems networks. The genome engineering also benefits a broad range of applications, such as: stimulating new generations of drug development and medical therapeutics, increasing agricultural crop products.
Ever since the discovery of DNA double helix structure, Eukaryotic organisms genome editing has attracted widespread attention, and biologists have been attempting different techniques to introduce site–specific modifications to the genomes of cells and model organisms. However, it is difficult to manipulate Eukaryotic genomes as they usually contain billions of DNA base pairs. Different genome editing methods, including specific designed oligonucleotides or cross linking reagents (1), peptide nucleic acids...show more content...
This easy–to–use technique will facilitate understanding genome functions and their relationships. It has sparked a revolution in genome engineering field since 2012. Below we review the history of CRISPR–Cas9 system development, reveal its underlying molecular mechanism and discuss its applications, challenges and future avenues of this novel
Essay On Editing Drafting And Persuasion
The use of editing, drafting, and persuasion are all beneficial in the use of writing, but they also impact society by way of helping audience understanding. Drafting is the beginning, it's the opportunity to discover what you have to say and how best to say it (Murray). Editing is a way of correcting a piece over time to make writing less blocked so words will come more easily (Elbow). Persuasion is the reason to make a speech or publish a document –a document such as the Constitution– achieving what the author wants to say (Aristotle). The Constitution had a positive impact, written by James Madison and a group of others who took the time to draft, edit, and eventually persuade Congress to publish the document to the United States. Drafting can be a long antagonizing process, but in the long run it'll pay off like it did for the Constitution. There needs to be a focus on drafting including revising, editing, and reading (Murray) so that you're completely successful in eventually finishing a piece. It took the authors of the Constitution 5 months, from May 1787 until the signing in September 1787 (National Constitution Center) to achieve this. That shows that drafting can be a long process, but because of the positive outcome to the United States, drafting was just the beginning part of an impactful piece on society....show more content...
The one that applies to the Constitution is putting the audience into a certain frame of mind. The ratification of the Constitution gave the citizens of the United States a different mindset of things, such as what was legal or not, and what were the rights of others. But none of that would have mattered without persuasion. Without it, the Constitution would not have been ratified the way it was, written the way it was, or changed the U.S. the way it
Germline Cell Editing Essay
In the recent years there has been a new technology created, called CRISPR–Cas, that allows for gene–editing in germline cells to potentially treat or prevent genetic diseases and conditions. There has already been uses of this technology in clinical trials to edit immune cells that treat cancer. While this sounds like something that would be a fantastic idea it is very controversial and raises concerns of whether it is ethical or not. As of right now, we should be able to edit our cells, but only somatic cell and not our germ line cells.
The editing of somatic cells, also known as gene therapy, is something that been used successfully several times already, while germline cell editing is a relatively new concept and not much research has been done. Genome–editing on somatic cells allows us to edit genes for the individual that are causing disease. Most diseases are found in the somatic cells and not in the germline cells. Somatic cell editing can be used to treat such diseases like Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. Duchenne's muscular dystrophy is an X–linked recessive trait, the process of editing the somatic cell is done in vivo. The process is done by reconstituting a functional dystrophin in the disease by...show more content...
The problems that may arise by using CRISPR–Cas technology for germline cell editing is the possibility of mosaicism that may occur in the edited genes. Mosaicism refers to the fact that the cells of the embryo that has been edited may result in altered cells and diseased cells, therefore the embryo still has the potential for disease. Another potential obstacle that researchers may have to face while using this genome editing technology is if the components that have been edited will possibly bind to genomic regions that are targeted by the RNA guide because the sequence is extremely
Genome Editing Essay
Genome editing of germ line cells using CRISPR/Cas9 system
Recent studies suggest that genome editing of germ line cells is an effective strategy for mutated gene correction in sperms and oocytes for the inhibition of onset of inherited disorder. The first time, germ line genome editing in human by CRISPR/Cas9 system , was carried out to correct mutation of HBB (Beta globin) gene in zygote of β–thalassemia patients by homologous DNA recombination (HDR) [80, 81]. Embryonic genome editing utilized in the treatment of such monogenic diseases prior to birth is a rational use of embryonic genome editing in germ line cells. Homologous DNA recombination by traditional gene editing techniques in mammalian eggs has a low rate (<10%) in term of...show more content...
Because PGD usually is carried out by gametes prepared from parents. But parents who is confirmed by PGD to have a high risk of transmition of inherited genetic mutation to their children and want to have their own children, their gametes can be edited directly by Crisper/cas9 to create healthy children.Nowdays germ line genome editing by programmable nuclease such as Crisper/cas9 is the most useful tool to treat genetic diseases with high risk of inheritance mutation transmition.
Unresolved ethical problems still exist and are the main reason for delay onset of clinical trials in this field. Large animal models can be utilized for a variety of monogenic diseases, particularly monogenic neurological disorders like HD and Duchene muscular dystrophy) DMD (. Specificity, efficacy, and side effects of germ line genome editing technology should be assessed by animal models before entering clinical trials.
Generating mammalian models of neurodegenerative diseases using CRISPR/Cas9
Cas9 has been well studied. It belongs to the class II CRISPR/Cas system which is the main protein involved in small interfering CRISPR RNA (crRNA). CRISPR RNA often leads to the silencing of invader viruses and plasmids [72, 85]. Several in vitro surveys have shown that Cas9 is guided by gRNA composed of chimeric RNA. Chimeric RNA is composed of crRNA and tracrRNA. They are sufficient to
Gene Editing Ethics
The days of human embryonic gene editing are rapidly approaching with the development of the editing tool CRISPR/Cas9 and are crucial tools for understanding the molecular pathway and gene functions. Genome editing technologies can quickly and efficiently modify the genomes by introducing or genetically correcting mutations either in human cells or animal models, also advanced towards mammalian models and clinical trials in humans. In China, the genetic modification of human embryos using CRISPR/Cas9 tools was achieved by the Huang laboratory in 2015 and they have introduces new ethical questions regarding human treatment. CRISPR/Cas9 is one of the newest genomic technologies that has completely revolutionized the understanding of disease...show more content...
While the interest and use of CRISPR/Cas9 has exploded since its discovery in 2012 and since then has seen a rapid improvements, prominent scientists in the field have already initiated conversations regarding the ethical implications that arise when modifying the human genome. Preventing genetic diseases by human genetic engineering is inevitable. Opening the doors for genetic engineering of human embryos could with time lead to manipulate genetics for desirable traits, raising the fear of creating a eugenic driven human
Editing and Montage Film
"Once I understood that editing is crucial to how a film is made, I was hooked. Imagine: placed in your hands is fantastic raw footage that 250 people have created during shooting. You and the director are then allowed to sculpt this raw material into something that has structure, rhythm and pace, that builds characters, that creates dramatic peaks and lows and that hopefully has a good ending. Editing is an incredibly rewarding profession.
Film editing is described, when typed in to google as "the activity of selecting the scenes to be shown and putting them together to create a film" `but it is much more than just that. If done well it is invisible but also has the ability to control a film, even control the viewer watching the film. The process of editing film has been around nearly as long as film itself. After the cinema of attractions, people realised a narrative story could be constructed by splicing ends of celluloid together to tell a story. The most famous early example of this is The Great Train Robbery (1903) directed by Edwin S. Porter. Before Porters film the cinema of attractions consisted of single shot films of streets and crowded areas, projected later that day so that the people could see themselves on the big screen.
As the 1900's marched on so did editing and montage. The Great Train Robbery had established that it was possible to create a narrative by cutting film. The next decade would build on that and establish rules which apply to films today. One
My Video Editing Experience
A long time I decided to live the zombie life as a video editor and during that time I had to experience a lot of workflow to get good at it. In the beginning of learning it was difficult and there were so many different programs to edit with, but during the time I did not know about which were professional or not. For example, when I first started I used a program called Window Movie Maker, and without doubt it was not very useful since there were only limited tools that the program holds; Since I did not know any better at the time I easily continued to work with the program for a couple months, which was the most difficult start of my experience. For example, there were obstacles such as slow render, 15 effects or less, and very rigid transitions from clips to clips. When it came to actual editing, I was amateurish as well, but that's normal for anyone that's new to a hobby that they want to learn by experience; The way I synched the lyrics or beats to my clips were off at first, as well as the quality, which was poor. In fact, I did not even know how to discover a source to download the type of footage I worked with at the time. After 3 or 4 months of editing, I finally made my first friend that does the same hobby as me, and he then helped me locate high quality clips. My friend was from Germany and of course I was from the United States, so we both helped each other grow as editors as time passed, even as it was difficult we had fun
The History of Film Editing
My grandpa is always talking about how much movies have changed with time. His favorite movie, E.T.: The Extra–Terrestrial, is an example of how editing and special effects have changed drastically since 1982 and even before that. Watching a movie from this year compared to a movie from the 1930s, you would notice many differences. In the beginning, there was no digital technology to edit films. There have also been important contributors to help evolvement in film editing. In the process of editing film, there are some common editing techniques that have been used ever since film started. The way you edit a scene can also affect the mood and feeling of it. Although the editing of filmmaking has changed a lot over time, there are many reasons for the cause of this including humanities drastic evolvement in technology.
In the beginning, there was no digital technology to edit films. The initial editing of all films was done with a positive copy of the film negative called a film work print. This was done by physically cutting and pasting together pieces of film, using a splicer and threading the film on a machine with a viewer, which was a Moviola, "flatbed" machine or Steenbeck. The 2" Video Tape Recording System (VTR) created by Ampex Corp. was introduced in 1956. This device was also called the splicing block. The user of the machine was able to view the splice point through a microscope. The machine also had a cutting blade that was mounted across the guide to be able to
Genome Editing Essay
Introduction
Genome editing is a huge leap forward in science and medicine. Because of recent advances in technology, the study of genes and induced 'point' mutations have led to the discovery and advancement of methods previously used in order to mutate genes. The development of Clusters of Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPRs) and CRISPR associated system 9 protein (Cas9) technology is a hugely significant leap forward as this is a tool that could potentially be used for the research into and hopefully the treatment of a range of medical conditions that are genetically related. Cystic fibrosis (Schwank, G. et al, 2013), haemophilia and sickle cell disease are an example of some of the conditions that have the...show more content...
Once the complex was bound to the DNA, a cut would be made to eliminate and destroy the invaders. 83% of archaeal genomes and 45% of bacterial genomes (Shabbir, M. et al, 2016) were shown to be able to successfully utilize the CRISPR Cas9 system. These are very promising statistics, so it is no wonder that there has been such an advancement in the past few years to bring this technology to eukaryotic cells, mammalian cells and eventually human cells.
With the rate and volume that new experiments and experimental procedures are being tried and tested, it can be expected that a Nobel Prize will soon be won for the discovery and advancement of this potential life–saving 'tool'. The category of Nobel Prize and who it potentially should be awarded to are discussed later in this essay.
The Role of CRISPR/Cas9 as a Genome Editing Tool
There are three types of CRISPR systems. The Type II CRISPR system (where the interface is mediated by a single large protein in conjunction with crRNA) is the simplest of the three and it is this one that has been the basis for genome editing.
The Cas9 protein is an enzyme that effectively acts as a pair of molecular 'scissors', cutting
Peer Editing Reflection
For the college essay practice paper we peer edited, reread, sought instructor advice, and rewrote our essays until we felt that our paper was worthy of being turned in. By the end of the process we should have had a final draft which was almost completely different from our original copies. This process, in my opinion, is extremely valuable to the course as it is vital in order for incoming students to improve their writing abilities. Personally, the technique in the process which forced me to realize my mistakes on a broader level, more than any other step, was the one foot reading to find syntax errors and awkward diction which our brains skim over when simply rereading the essay. Peer editing, while still helpful, didn't seem as useful
Editing And Proofreading Process Analysis
Editing is what you begin doing as soon as you finish your first draft. The process writers use to catch errors usal to their own writing. It's hard to edit or proofread a paper that you've just finished writing. It's still too familiar, and you tend to skip over a lot of errors. Try creating a brief outline of your paper to ensure the organization is reasonable. Review your paper to ensure that your tone is appropriate for your audience and consistent throughout your paper. Determine areas where you could add, delete, or move text to make your content more effective. If you try to identify and revise too many things at once, you risk losing focus, and your proofreading will be less effective. Editing and proofreading are two different stages
The Principles of Non–linear Digital Editing
In this report I am going to be explaining the principles of non–linear digital editing, including information on the history of editing, and the purpose of editing using software. I will also be explaining the advantages and disadvantages of digital editing and what should be expected from a well–editing video.
The very first films were not edited at all, they consisted of one single shot and they were usually very short. An example of this was a French film from 1898 called 'L'Arrosseur Arrosséé which was a very short comedy which lasted 1 minute. Around the same time as this the Edison company made a number of short films exposing the possibilities...show more content...
The purpose of it is to make the finished piece appear realistic to the audience.
Non–linear digital editing is a recent form of editing that differs in one way from traditional in the way that it can be done on a computer with the appropriate software.
Non linear basically means the film can be assembled in any order from beginning to end and makes it possible for changes to be made to any part, anywhere. Traditional editing was used before non linear came along and revolutionised editing. Traditional editing is a form of editing that is the complete opposite to –non–linear– editing, in the way that it is the linear way of assembling a film, placing the shots down one by one from the beginning in a linear fashion.
There are three particular forms of editing, film editing (cutting of tape and placing it manually together), analog editing (2 video tape decks that are controlled by computer) and non–linear (editing done by computer, on computer.) Some examples of software for non linear digital editing are Avid DV, Avid MCX, Adobe premier. The whole purpose of editing is to tell the story more efficiently, involve the audience more in the story and create a reality. The purpose of editing using computer software is for the fact that it is cheaper then buying film editing equipment, it is quicker and there are
College Essay On Film Editing
Editing is one of the most important parts of filmmaking. Film Editing is one of my favorite things to do. But let's get to the point. I have recently graduated from a recognized film school and I just created a short film that goes viral. I am anxious for a TV/ film production company to see my produced video. Or if that doesn't work you make ads to get your name out there for local job openings, or recruitments. Well no one's interested in an award winning filmmaker! A production company with standards is not going to consider a student who just graduated from a film school. A degree in law, master's or engineering degree all are bait for finding a job easily. Sure I may know how to block a scene, move a dolly, edit, correct colors and mix
Essay On Gene Editing
This article discusses scientists from Oregon Health and Science University who successfully edited the DNA of human embryos to eliminate a mutant gene of a heritable heart condition, using gene editing technology known as Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR). They focused on an inherited heart disease called hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which is the potential thickening of the heart muscle. The procedure consisted of using molecular scissors to cut out the mutation in the sperm right before it fertilized the egg. The embryo then repaired the cut in the sperm's genetic material by copying the egg's healthy gene, leaving the embryo free of a genetic disease that would otherwise be passed down by the father. It...show more content...
One way I can expand my understanding of this topic is through additional research on the development of human embryos and in vitro fertilization.
This article is based on a scientific discovery, made by scientists from Michigan State University, whose objectives are to create an effective male birth control pill. Focussing on the causes of male infertility, Chen Chen PhD., who is an assistant professor of animal science at MSU, as well as his team, used a new gene editing technology on mice to effectively and completely block the gene, PNLCD1, that controls sperm production, causing infertility. Thus, since mice and humans are both mammals and use many of the same genes during reproduction, it is believed that this approach could be effective in developing a human male contraception. I would like to further expand my knowledge on this topic by doing additional research on the development of male contraceptives in order to clarify a few of the questions that arose for me while reading this article. Will this drug cause any harmful side effects on other tissues or organs within the human body? How effective will this contraceptive method be?
This newsletter covers the story of a successful development of an advanced new imaging technique, which can help assess the quality of early–stage embryos. Researchers at the ARC Centre of Excellence for
Human Genome Editing Essay
Human genome editing was once viewed as an unattainable goal. It was seen as something that was only seen in sci–fi movies. However, thanks to rapid improvements in biotechnology, it is no longer a question of if, but a question of when.
According to the Center for Genetics and Society, human genome editing is a type of genetic engineering in which deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is inserted, deleted, or replaced in the genome (genetic material) of a living organism. This deliberately changes the genes passed onto the children –– in other words –– creating genetically modified humans. The changing of DNA can be used to help those suffering with genetic diseases or syndromes or even to give a child blue eyes. Human genome editing is a current debate...show more content...
It is also beneficial to plants. Genetically modified plants, also known as GMOs, have become a hot topic to debate. A GMO is a result of artificially altering a plant's DNA. The idea of a GMO has been around since the beginning of the agricultural revolution. If one crop had more berries on it than another, a farmer would use the seed of the crop with more food. This causes the plant's offspring to have more berries than the average crop. The trend continues until all crops left have a larger amount of berries than usual. Michael Specter, a journalist focused on science and technology, furthers this idea by :
All the food we eat – every grain of rice and kernel of corn – has been genetically modified. None of it was here before mankind learned to cultivate crops. The question isn't whether our food has been modified, but how.
However, genetic modification has advanced, with changes to increase the plant's resistance to insects and weather. In addition, they have also been used to elongate shelf life, to change the taste of a food, or to adjust the nutrient value in a food. Food can be shipped to more remote areas and survive in weaker growing conditions. As the population of the world is ever increasing, having the ability to modify food gives reassurance that humans will always have enough to
Dna Editing Research Paper
Body/Hypothesis
Where did DNA editing come from and how does it work?
DNA editing was discovered thanks to the clash between bacteria and viruses. Bacteria and viruses have been fighting each other since life on Earth began. During an invasion of a cell, the virus inserts its own genetic code(RNA) into the bacterium and takes it over to use as a factory to replicate itself. The bacterium, meanwhile, tries to resist but ends up failing most of the time because it has weak, and insufficient tools to protect itself. Some bacteria however, through natural selection or chance, survive the attack and save part of the virus's genetic code(Kurzgesagt, 2016). The RNA of the virus is then saved in the bacterium's own genetic code in a DNA archive...show more content...
A scientist named Anthony James encountered this problem when he programmed mosquitoes to no longer transmit malaria. Though years of hard work, James was able to create a mosquito resistant to the parasite by adding genes that made it impossible for the malaria parasite to live inside of it. After this success, Anthony James was met with the problem of how he was going to spread this new gene(Kahn, 2016). Now that you've got a mosquito resistant to malaria, how is this gene going to replace the malaria in mosquitoes carrying the parasite? At first there was the idea that ten times the the amount of mosquitoes in the area should be released in the hopes that the gene would be passed on. This idea, however, would not be beneficial to the people living in the area where the mosquitoes were being released(Kahn, 2016). Months later, James received an email from a biologist named Ethan Baer about a genetic tool that not only ensured that a genetic trait would be inherited, but that it would spread exponentially quickly. To test the reliability of this tool, the scientists engineered two mosquitoes to not only carry the anti–malaria gene, but also the new tool(Kahn, 2016). They set up the test in such a way that any mosquitoes that inherited the anti–malaria gene would not have the ordinary white eyes, but red eyes. This made it easier for scientists to distinguish between a mosquito with the gene and without it(Kahn, 2016). After putting two of the red–eyed mosquitoes in a box with 30 ordinary mosquitoes to breed, scientists found that after two generations, not only had 38,000 mosquitoes been born, but all of them had red eyes. According to mendelian genetics this is not possible because only half of the DNA from each parent is inherited by the offspring(Kahn, 2016). This means that there should have been
The Art of Editing and Film Meaning Essay
As one of the most celebrated and best known Soviet directors, Sergei Eisenstein's theoretical writings and practical uses of editing are a crucial part of cinema's development. He viewed the art form of film as a tool with which to inflict certain reactions and emotions to audiences, be it through shock or empathetic understanding. His editing techniques were key elements to achieve these effects, carefully planned out and sought to create conflict in meaning. "Art is not a mirror which reflects the historical struggle, but a weapon of that struggle." (Vertov in Enzensberger, 1972) His keen editing work proved cinema's propagandistic potential and was used as such to instigate the masses against the Soviet bourgeoisie. Therefore, not...show more content...
Brought up without a formal cinematic training, the director started off his career in an LA video store and making connections by talking about his enticing script ideas. After managing to get Natural Born Killers (1994) made by a different director, Oliver Stone, he was disappointed with the final film and decided not to have his style and vision tainted by other filmmakers. This is why Pulp Fiction is exemplary for his unique vision and techniques.
As mentioned, Tarantino's narrative trademark is non–linearity, as he used it in his first feature films, Reservoir Dogs (1992) and Pulp Fiction, and continues to employ it in his other work. He breaks narrative conventions by avoiding to clearly signpost flashbacks, for instance. Tzioumakis exemplifies the shift in storytelling through a lack of "blurred images, intensification of music, framing of a character in a close up to suggest that he or she is remembering or imagining something, and so on". (Tzioumakis, 2006, p. 8) Referring back to Eisenstein, Tarantino's editing choice is a tool for disorienting the viewer, because even though the narrative is set out in the scriptwriting phase, it is the edit that makes these temporal transitions difficult to register.
The audience is shown pieces of the narrative like a puzzle, which they have to assemble in order to understand the full plot. "Comprehension of the central action is supplemented by flashbacks to different characters, giving the movie a Rashomon
Should Gene Editing Be Allowed Essay
Imagine this: twenty years from now, when you get married you figure out what you want your child to look like. You go outside, everyone looks like a model with perfect teeth and are each geniuses. In another ten years, kids start having purple skin, gold eyelashes and look how aliens might appear. Why have two arms when you can have eighty–six? You never know where looks could go when you make the impossible possible! This world would be possible if gene editing in babies was allowed, but is this the future we want? What happens if bad things or other defects start to creep in and we do not realize it? Gene editing defies religious beliefs, it can cause further discrimination, and the child has to pay the consequences of your decision....show more content...
Jon T. Holmlund says, "It is impossible to obtain the informed consent of future generations whose genomes will be altered. ... Commodifies children and creates them as research subjects." There is no way to ask the unborn baby what they want to look like so the parents have to choose. If you take the risk to edit the genes of your baby and the child ends up with an incurable disease or deformity because of gene editing, that would be your fault. I can see how some people may think it is worth it if it is to cure a disease, but it could cause a worse one in the process and it is the child that would have to live with the mistakes of gene editing.
In conclusion, I believe gene editing is too unknown to humans at the moment, and human babies are too fragile to mess with, without knowing all the consequences first. For now, we should not mess with it until we learn more. This, in my mind, is a big "what if" and could have major consequences. Gene editing would be problematic for religions, equality, and for your child. This is the future of the human race we are talking about! Are we really going to stand by while our future is ruined? All of these things could happen in the slippery slope of gene
Editing Post-Production
Editing post– production is edited raw footage to cut scene, to insert transition, working with voice and sound of an actor. There's a lot of editing in post–production. There's picture edit offline and online edit, analogue, and digital edit, and audio edit. In editing, they using editing software examples like Adobe Photoshop, Adobe premiere pro, and final cut pro. Audio editing is happening between the actual recording transcription in a studio and in a studio and the completion of a master skipper recording. It involves sound design, sound figure, sound editing, audio mixing, and gain of an issue. The process of Editing, first pick an editing. Two ways it can be done, you can shoot your video and import it to your computer and you can start to edit your raw footage. Second, performed a rough cut by laying all your main footage trim the unwanted or extra footage. Add...show more content...
Offline editing, is the process of filmmaking and television and in which raw footage is copied and edited without affecting the camera original. Once it has completed by offline editing, the original media will be assembled in online editing. Editing is to structured and shows all information like television shows, film and a lot more. Photo editing is the changing of range. These images can be digital exposure, illustrations, prints, or photograph graphs on the moving–picture show. Some eccentric of editing, such as airbrushing, is done by hand and others are done using photo editing programs like Photoshop, Gimpiness and Microsoft Blusher. Photo editing is done for a reason. It used to complete new things and to tricks people eye. By editing the video, the film makes a good intense be it a sad movie or scary movie. Audio editing software is Adobe illustration, sound forge, and audio editor. Audio editing process record all audio, delete or edit gaps at beginning and end of a recording if any. Edit out any noticeable distracting breaths or other